Insights

Short briefs, original frameworks — research for consulting peers and partners. We transform field data, delivery experience and automation into concise, evidence-first briefs and reusable frameworks.

Featured Articles & Research

Why Founder-Led Swedish Businesses Need a Different Diligence Approach

Founder-led Swedish businesses have different diligence challenges: owner salary normalisation, fair market rent, K2 reporting and SIE data quality.

Nordics · Read →

How Boutique FDD Firms Scale Without Adding Fixed Costs

How boutique financial due diligence firms handle overflow without adding permanent headcount: offshore delivery, white-label execution and senior-led models.

BD · Read →

8 Red Flags in Lower-Mid-Market Nordic Acquisitions

The eight red flags diligence teams most often miss in lower-mid-market Nordic acquisitions: K2 reporting, related-party transactions, working capital seasonality and more.

Nordics · Read →

What a Swedish SIE File Gives You in Diligence

Why SIE4 is the file to request on a Swedish target, what it contains, how it shortens the engagement — and where K2/K3 differences still need judgement.

Nordics · Read →

What Goes into an Audit-Ready M&A Databook

A deep dive into the essential components that make a databook investor-ready and audit-proof.

EBITDA Add-backs Buyers Accept and Reject

Understanding the nuances of EBITDA adjustments and what drives buyer acceptance or rejection.

Working Capital Peg Explained

Demystifying the working capital peg mechanism and its impact on M&A deal valuation.

Light QoE vs Full QoE

A comparison of different Quality of Earnings approaches and when to use each for optimal diligence.

How AI Cuts Diligence Prep Time

Exploring the practical applications of AI to significantly reduce the time and effort in M&A due diligence.

About this

Short pieces on the parts of financial due diligence that are most often misunderstood: quality of earnings, working capital, the role of AI, and the difference between what an audit covers and what diligence needs.

Frequently asked questions

What is Zion Advisor?

Zion Advisor is a boutique financial due diligence and M&A databook firm. We provide senior-led execution for advisory firms, private equity funds, investment banks, and family offices — across India, MENA, APAC, the UK, Europe, and the Nordics.

What services does Zion Advisor offer?

We cover the full deal lifecycle: financial due diligence (quality of earnings, adjusted EBITDA, working capital, net debt), M&A databooks (linked Excel schedules with visible formulas), financial modelling (operating models, scenario analysis), and AI finance automation (automated data loading and reconciliation).

What is a databook in M&A?

A databook is the core deliverable in a financial due diligence engagement — a set of linked Excel schedules that bridge from source data (trial balance, SIE export, SAF-T) to adjusted EBITDA, working capital peg, and net debt. Every figure ties back to source. It is what the buyer's deal team uses to underwrite the acquisition.

What is financial due diligence?

Financial due diligence is the independent verification of a target's financial performance. It tests the quality of earnings, identifies EBITDA adjustments, analyses working capital trends, and maps net debt and debt-like items. The output is a defensible view of the numbers — not an audit opinion.

What is a Quality of Earnings (QoE) report?

A Quality of Earnings report assesses whether a target's reported earnings are sustainable. It adjusts EBITDA for non-recurring items, owner perks, and one-off benefits. Unlike an audit, a QoE is forward-looking — it asks "what earnings will the buyer actually receive?"

How much does financial due diligence cost?

Costs vary by deal size, scope, and timeline. A first-cut databook inside 72 hours is priced as a fixed project. Full-scope engagements typically run over 3–4 weeks. Zion prices by project with no minimum commitment or long-term retainer.

How long does a due diligence engagement take?

A first-cut databook can be delivered in 48–72 hours when the timeline is compressed. Full-scope engagements typically take 3–4 weeks. The timeline depends on data readiness, the complexity of the target's reporting basis, and the depth of the buyer's questions.

What is a working capital peg?

A working capital peg is the agreed level of working capital (receivables + inventory – payables) that the seller leaves in the business at closing. If actual working capital is below the peg, the purchase price is adjusted downward. Getting the peg right is one of the most negotiated points in a deal.

What are EBITDA add-backs?

EBITDA add-backs are adjustments that normalise earnings — removing one-off costs, owner perks, or non-recurring expenses to arrive at a sustainable EBITDA. Buyers scrutinise add-backs closely. Credible add-backs are documented, non-recurring, and verifiable.

Does Zion Advisor work with boutique firms?

Yes. Most of our clients are boutiques and mid-market firms who need the capability of a large practice without the overhead. We work white-label under your brand, or directly with your deal team. No engagement is too small.

What does “senior-led” mean?

Every engagement is run by people with Big 4 transaction backgrounds — not by juniors learning on your deal. A senior review gate is applied before anything is delivered. Your databook is built by someone who has run live transactions.

Can Zion handle Nordic (SIE/SAF-T) data?

Yes. Sweden is our priority market. We work natively from SIE4/SIE5 exports and SAF-T files, and we know where K2 and K3 reporting diverge in ways that move EBITDA. Coverage extends to Norway, Denmark, and Finland.

What you will find here

Short pieces on the parts of financial due diligence that are most often misunderstood: quality of earnings, working capital, the role of AI, and the difference between what an audit covers and what diligence needs. Practical, not theoretical.